Type 1

Στην Αγγλική υπάρχουν κάποιες αρνητικές λέξεις ή φράσεις οι οποίες αν τοποθετηθούν στην αρχή ή στο εσωτερικό (στη μέση) τότε το ρήμα παίρνει ερωτηματική μορφή. Μερικές από αυτές τις λέξεις / φράσεις είναι:

• hardly…..when
• scarcely….when
• scarcely 
• only by, only then, not till, only in this way, only when 
• never
• rarely 
• seldom
• on no condition
• under no circumstances
• on no account
• no sooner …. than

e.g.

• I had no sooner got into bed than the telephone rang.

but

• No sooner had I got into bed than the telephone rang.
• You must not be late on any account.
• On no account must you be late.
• Rarely have I seen such chaos.
• Only then will he realise the truth.

Type 2

Εδώ, στον δεύτερο τύπο, έχουμε δύο λέξεις, τις εμφατικές so και such, οι οποίες επίσης αντιστρέφουν το ρήμα από καταφατική μορφή σε ερωτηματική πχ.

e.g.

• So surprised was he that he couldn’t say a word.
• Such was the shock that she fainted.

Type 3

Στον τρίτο τύπο συναντούμε επιρήματα κατεύθυνσης (adverbs of direction). Μερικά απ’αυτά είναι:

• in
• out
• up
• down
• round
• over
• back
• forward
• off κ.α.

αλλά μόνο όταν το υποκείμενο είναι ουσιαστικό και όχι όταν είναι αντωνυμία.

e.g.

• The tree fell down with a crash.
• Down fell the tree with a crash.

But

• Down it fell with a crash.

Exercise.

Re-write these sentences with the words in italic at the beginning.

1. He rarely made mistakes like that.

___ Rarely did he make mistakes like that ________________

2. They had hardly set out when they had a flat tyre.

____ Hardly had they set out when they had a flat tyre ________

3. Their panic was such that many were trampled underfoot in the rush to leave the

building.

_____ Such was their panic that many  were trampled underfoot in the rush to leave the building ______

4. Jack realises only now how much Jane loved him.

_____ Only now does Jack realise how much Jane loved him ________

5. This species of butterfly is seldom found in Britain.

_____ Seldom is this species of butterfly found in Britain ___________

6. The traffic police had never seen such an unusual accident.

_____ Never had the traffic police seen such an unusual accident _______

7. I will only agree to marry her on one condition.

____Only on one condition will I agree to marry her.____

8. Mason would not betray his country under any circumstances.

____Under no circumstances would Mason betray his country.______

9. The ski-jumper shot up into the air like a giant bird.

______Up into the air shot the ski-jumper like a giant bird. _______

10. Jill was so happy that she started dancing round the room.

____So happy was Jill that she started dancing round the room. ______

11. The Spitfires had no sooner climbed into the air than they spotted the enemy

bombers approaching.

_____No sooner had the Spitfires climb into the air than they spotted bombers  approaching._________

12. The cork came out with a loud pop.

____ Out came the cork with a loud pop. ______